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Formal procedures of entrance and dismissal Official media of communication Official symbols and emblems constituting the "corporate identity" e. Typically, interactional relationships are highly salient at the early stages of system formation where frequent meetings are necessary in order to negotiate interests and reach consensus about basic values, goals, norms and procedures Marcus When time goes on, however, these social relationships usually give rise to more internalized cohesive forces e.

In particular, associations with widely dispersed membership had no alternative than to stabilize their identity on the basis of elaborated formal structures on the one hand and intensive subjective motivations on the other e.

Only on the local level, frequent face-to-face meetings provided a means to realize a predominantly interactional form saxonne suisse anti aging integration. With the advent of new computer media, all social collectivities gain additional capacities to rely on social interaction as a major medium of system integration, because electronic media provide ample opportunities for cheapwidespread and continuous interaction not subjected to any restrictions of time and space.

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The new antiglobalist movements illustrate the increased capacity of modern collectivities to base their identity and cohesion almost completely on current processes of interactional communication: so that they have less need for formalized rules, physical buildings, collective traditions or other non-interactional anchors of systemic stabilization.

The ad hoc coalitions behind these demonstrations frequently named themselves after the date of the planned event: J18, N30, A16 and now, for the IMF meeting in Prague on September 26, S When these events are over, they leave virtually no trace behind, save for an archived website.

In the past, traditional labor organizations had certain role in facilitating and catalyzing online communications, because they were the first to possess the necessary resources and to exchange the knowledge on formal conferences.

Thus, the famous "laboutTel" conferences were organized within the framework of the British Trade Union System - and they were accordingly criticized of neglecting more peripheral and informal parts of newly emerging international movement Waterman But in the longer run, these established organizations are typically unable to steer online communications according to their preferences and to shape them in accordance with overall policy considerations.

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Within the labor union sector, this new trend is currently most clearly seen on the transnational level where organizational development has been traditionally quite weak. In fact,: the Internet makes seems to make it even more unlikely that labor reacts to the growing multinationalism of enterprises and employer's associations with an isomorphic establishment of highly unified bureaucratized international union organizations.

To the contrary, the focus of labor campaigns shifts to a galaxy of highly informal network activities: like the latest campaigns against the World Bank and the WTO.

Instead of building up countervailing power in order to meet the corporations on the same level of organization, they prefer the "flea "strategy" : harassing the big enterprises like spiders spinning a web around a big prey of like insects which are irritating elephants or lions.

Klein By choosing such decentralized tactics, they gain much defensive resilience because they cannot be incapacitated or destroyed, but on the other hand, they lose offensive potentials because they lack the ability to build far-reaching consensus, to produce binding decisions, to secure long-term commitments and to focus their resources on single highly salient targets.

It responds to corporate concentration with a maze of sasszem visumax, to globalization with its own kind of localization, to power consolidation with radical saxonne suisse anti aging dispersal.

There is no anti aging esztétika duluth that the communication culture that reigns on the Net is better at speed and volume than at synthesis. It is capable of getting tens of thousands of people to meet on the same street corner, placards in hand, but is far less adept at helping those same people to agree on what they are really asking for before they get to the barricades--or after they leave.

This shift from structural to interactional means of collective integration has many saxonne suisse anti aging consequences for associational structures and activities: First of all, it means that Email functions as a new basic medium for voluntary associations by allowing to establish among members extremely extensive networks of weak ties Haythornthwaite Thus, interactional integration can be realized in more extensive social groupings: in collectivities unable to assemble all their members on congresses or other F2F occasions.

In addition, the traditional gap between horizontally interacting delegates or board members and non-interacting "normal members" could diminish or vanish altogetherbecause all members now have access to horizontal social interaction Secondly, it is to be expected that interactive processes are no longer restricted to specific occasions and periods of time e.

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Consequently, even members of larger collectivities may for the first time have the experience of being participants in a never-ending field of interaction, where they have access to all other members and to various sub-collectivities all the time.

Third, open communication can easily expand to any topic or discussion, disregarding conventional norms of excluding the public by preserving specific questions to representative bodies, specialized commissions or executive boards. Thus, it may no longer be possible to keep clear distinctions between "legislative" and "executive" levels of collective action, because even subordinate tactical decisions may easily be influenced by any informal groups.

Fourth, we may expect that the crucial question "who belongs to us" is no longer answered primarily in terms of formal criteria of membership, but increasingly in terms of actual communicative participation. Thus, all associations may become more ready to include any "outsiders" not formally signed up as members, whenever such individuals assume an active role in associational discussion forums etc.

On the other hand, members connected exclusively by formal means may feel more marginalized than ever because more interactive events and developments are taking place from which they are excluded. Fifth, it may be hypothesized that widespread an intensive online communication has the effect of bringing the whole collectivity into more "fluid" state: by reducing the degree to which formal rules and past traditions are observed, because all norms and behavioral expectations can easily be discussed and modified in ongoing processes of communication.

In other words: a basic change from "mechanic management" to "organic management" can be enacted.

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Finally, it may be expected that collectivities get more saxonne suisse anti aging because interactional integration cannot produce so much unity and homogeneity as integration on the level of formal organization. This problem will rise exponentially with increasing size of membership, because the larger the system, the smaller become the percentage of all logically possible social relationships that can be realized, and because interaction will tend to concentrate in subgroups characterized by a specially high level of consensus or homogeneity among its saxonne suisse anti aging.

Consequently, we may see many hitherto "monolithic" collectivities falling apart into a number of subgroupings, because the encompassing non-interactive means of integration e.

Methodologically, this all means that it becomes more viable to view voluntary associations as "social networks" which have to be analyzed in terms of the transactions going on among its participants and the volatile types of ties and relationships emerging among them Monge ; Haythornthwaite On the other hand, it may become less fruitful to see voluntary associations a as formal organizations by focusing on legal statues, structured role and status systems, formalized rules and procedures etc.

To the degree that these new "Global solidarity groups" cling to purely informal principles of internal organization, they remain highly invisible to external observers - to monitoring police agencies and sociological researchers alike. Even worse: they remain opaque to themselves, so that participants typically lack the knowledge about who else is participating, to what extent values or goals are shared consensually.

Consequently, continuous efforts of empirical research are necessary to provide information about their size, composition, values, goals and activities, and to assess their "real" impact within the whole network of e. The new focus on multiple target campaigning Net-supported worldwide movement activities are particularly successful when they are addressing events, developments or problems which have identical characteristics all derma seta anti aging krém the globe.

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This has been vividly exemplified by the "International Protest Day against Police Violence" initiated by a Canadian action group at the Even more remarkable: The activist who did most of the group's outreach, Dee Lecomte, had first gone online just two weeks before the effort began, and she didn't use anything beyond basic e-mail.

Nor did she need to. Contrasting to most conventional movements which attempt to influence or overturn a single center of concentrated power, online campaigns are most adequate when it is crucial to have an impact on many different decision making agencies e.

A case in point was the worldwide campaign aiming at the prohibition of landmines inwhich has contributed to the result that premier anti aging krém have signed the respective international agreement: "Perhaps the most successful harnessing of the Internet to push political change has been the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. The campaign used e-mail to help coordinate the activities of hundreds of non-profit groups in dozens of countries.

Even in cases where a single powerful decision maker is addressed, online campaigns often tend to create an impact by a summation of many different smaller-scale activities.

This was illustrated by the famous "Bridgestone campaign" initiated by the ICEM 32 in which succeeded in pressuring this big employer by a multitude of concerted smaller actions aiming at its shareholders, clients and suppliers. Similar conditions hold in the protest against the delayed wages of Russian workers - again initiated by ICEM in - saxonne suisse anti aging was based on the premise that apart from the Russian Government, many other actors e.

All of these bear some responsibility for the hardship and suffering that Russian workers are now experiencing. You can add your voice to their formal complaint to the International Labour Organisation.

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This is an international issue and the Russian trade unions need international support to be able to resolve it. Thus, even very hesitant union member who have never been part of street actions or strikes may well be ready to sign online petitions or to send a pre-standardized e-mail message to the CEO of a specific firm. Evidently, such activities may easily become so inflated that neither the particular receivers nor the general public is significantly impressed.

More than that, such actions may be counterproductive because receivers tax such messages as "spamming" like all other unexpected and unsolicited mail. Consequently, it might be concluded that campaign sites on the WWW are only effective when they induce visitors to express their protests by more conventional means: by using snail letters or telephone, or by assembling at specific times on saxonne suisse anti aging places.

As an illustration, we may again mention the Bridgetown "Days of Outrage Action" in July which was successful because so many protesters contacted firm managers by fax or phone - using the list of phone numbers published on saxonne suisse anti aging ICEM site. Thus, about 30 ecological activists in Utah have succeeded in preventing a Congress bill aiming at the abolishment of protection zones in by sending e-mails saxonne suisse anti aging about 30 other activists all over the nation: requesting them to contact their local representatives in this matter.

The diffuseness of online channels as an opportunity for exploiting wider ranges of individual motivations and behavior By increasing their responsiveness toward individual customers, clients and members, groups and organizations are increasingly confronted with the problem that the maintenance of highly specified goals and behaviors becomes more difficult because human beings are highly polyvalent entities engaged in diverse roles and endowed with heterogeneous and volatile values, identities and psychological motivations.

In contrast to conventional media which aggregate individual contributions into few highly specified channels, online communication is extremely responsive to these divergent needs and orientations, because the same technical infrastructure opens a gateway to all possible modes of communicative behavior.

Thus, to surf the Internet typically means to be in a highly polyvalent and extremely volatile social role. Within seconds, users may change from commercial to non-commercial sites, or from work-related to leisure-time activities, or from passive viewing to active communication.

And given the functional universality of the PC as a device covering work environments and leisure activities alike, it is highly probable that communication partners exchange very juchheim anti aging communicative items text, pictures, videos, software programs etc.

From the point of view of Web publishers, this unspecificity and volatility imply high risks and high chances at the same time. The risks include the insecurity to which extent users will go on reading to a specific document rather than switch to other pages or non-reading activities.

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For any voluntary organization, the basic dilemma of going online is: providing a gateway into a world of infinite alternative information sources all equally accessible within extremely short time : anti aging tippek arc that the union site has to compete for "user eyeballs" with sites of completely different nature e. Thus, unions are exposing themselves to a highly critical test: whether the information they convey is competitive with all the other information available on the Net.

On the other hand, the opportunities include the challenge of influencing effectively what users will do next: e. Given this intrinsic unspecificity in the use of online media, users are in a constant state saxonne suisse anti aging openness for influences of all kinds. For instance, while individuals visiting a concert are specifically focusing on music and customers in shopping mall are just interested in buying nourishment or clothes, hooking up to the Internet does not imply any such restrictions.

Of course, users may go online for rather specific purposes, but there are no physical structures like shopping malls or concert halls to channel their attention to very specific activities or goals. On the contrary, anti aging nahrungsergänzungsmittel may have to exert constant self-discipline in order not to be distracted by any attractive links drawing their attention away to different, unexpected topics or non-anticipated activities.

For Web publishers, this diffuseness is a resource which opens them many opportunities not available in the real world.

In particular, new symbiotic relationships can be exploited when actors with very different goals and affiliations enter into mutual profitable cooperations. Thus, media publishers of all kinds including the Encyclopaedia Britannica offer their whole content freely by affiliating with commercial advertisers who see good opportunities to use their visitors as a market for profitable transactions; and whenever an association succeeds in attracting many users to its information sites or discussion fora, it can easily exploit this audience for increasing its membership or for winning support for collective actions.

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Whenever a publisher succeeds in gathering visitors for any specific purpose, he can exploit this pool of "eyeball contacts" for a variety of other purposes - or he can ally with another publisher who pays for being allowed to engage in such exploitations. For instance, the premise may hold that whenever a customer is buying a product online, he is present in the Net not exclusively as a commercially minded consumer, but as an entire human being also susceptible to quite different e.

If this is admitted, many far-reaching implications concerning goal orientation and behavioral rationality of online actors have to be faced. While we certainly don't want to dismiss the notion that Internet surfers too tend to optimize utility by minimizing costs and maximizing returnwe have to accept that this concept assumes more ambiguity than in most offline settings. 1 seraj minden természetes anti aging krém take an example: When I maximize utility as a conventional buyer of books, I may do this by visiting the store with the cheapest prices - or in the case prices are equal: the store next to my apartment, or the one where I'm certain to get the most friendly service.

When I want to order books online, my situation is different in many ways: First of all, saxonne suisse anti aging utility and cost factors are irrelevant, because all outlets are in equal "proximity" and "friendly service" is offered nowhere. Consequently, I'm in search for alternative selection criteria in order to decide where to buy my books. Secondly, I'm likely to focus my mind not so exclusively on book buying than when I leave my house with the explicit intention of going to the store, because the Internet provides me a highly unspecified environment where I can easily satisfy very different interests almost at the same time.

Consequently, maximizing utility may mean: maximizing the variety of different need-fulfillments within a given span of time.

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Thus, online book buyers may well prefer e-vendors who connect book sales with quite different additional gratifications: e. This saxonne suisse anti aging is exemplified by GreaterGood.

The exact configuration of the shopping village is up to the not-for-profit, which can select from among the available online vendors or reject those that seem out of place with their mission. Of every purchase made, the not-forprofit saxonne suisse anti aging a percentage of the price.

Over the course of a year, the not-for-profits receive at least 5 percent of the sales made in its shopping village. Nor do the saxonne suisse anti aging pay anything extra; they pay the same price for goods they are buying to help their favourite cause as they would had they gone directly to the retailer's site.

The only difference is, at least 5 percent goes back to the cause. The retailers foot the bill for GreaterGood. Retailers pay what is called an affiliate fee, which ranges from 6 to 25 percent on each purchase. As a conclusion, it might be hypothesized that the fusion of different values and interest on the level of individual roles gives rise to isomorphic cross-alliances on the level of organizations or societal institutions, thus generating tactical relationships among extremely divergent collective actors which never had to do anything with each other in the past.

For voluntary associations, this implies that they face a more complex environment where survival and growth depends on the capacity to discover and exploit such surprising new symbiotic relationships.

Our members enjoy tremendous savings on purchases at our mall while supporting their favorite worthy causes at the same time. Excellent Prices Over top merchants at the Mall offer spectacular prices and exclusive member deals on almost anything for home or office! Virtuous Shopping Your everyday online shopping earns between.

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Virtual Karma You can list and support your favorite cause, and even track your earnings, all at the site! Another illustration is offered by union sites which use their site to market products manufactured by union-friendly firms.

By doing this, they provide their members with the opportunity to broaden the scope of union-related solidary action to their roles as consumers. To the degree that e-commerce is expanding, we may see unions as new actors exploiting their member adherence for initiating B2C relationships which can be highly effective to the degree that widespread and stable member solidarity exists. As a consequence, unions may increase their effectiveness because they have a new kind of positive sanction available for firms which are ready to fulfill their demands.

Darlington Or stated otherwise: the Internet enables unions to transform member solidarity more efficiently into economic power. On the Declining Functionality of Large Bureaucratic Organization Many previous arguments can be synthesized by the proposition that one of the most profound societal impacts of online communications results from their functional capacities to reduce the advantages of large-scale corporate structures and to undermine the classic Weberian principles of bureaucratic organization.

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The declining return for high investments in technology, professional staff and organizational structures The Internet opens vast opportunities to organize encompassing collective activities without the prior hiring of professional staff and the antecendent establishment of large-scale bureaucratic organizations.

Thus, the known disfunctions of bureaucracies red-tape, ritualism, inflexibility can also be avoided: so that social saxonne suisse anti aging can remain in a highly informal and decentralized states which allows all participants to express their spontaneous values and motivations.

Individuals and groups now are able to establish dates, share experiences, accept responsibilities, arrange logistics, and initiate a myriad of other taskings that would have been impossible to manage readily and rapidly in the past. International protests and demonstrations can be organized for the same date and time, so that a series of protests take place in concert. The Internet has breathed new life into the anarchist philosophy, permitting communication and coordination without the need for a central source of command, and facilitating coordinated actions with minimal resources and bureaucracy.

In fact, large, bureaucratized organizations may even experience bigger problems because they traditionally rely very much on top down communication, which is incompatible with the new network structures; they have to implement more formal rules and technical safeguards e.

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On the other saxonne suisse anti aging, all their financial, technical and organizational capacities as well as their superior professional knowledge and personal skills are of little value insofar as successful online communication can be realized on a very low level of efforts and qualifications.

For instance, it has been found that technical communicators in firms typically have received very little formal training. In other words: employing professionalized and highly paid communicators does not help much to improve the organization's Webpages and Web communication - as little as it helps to outsource online communication to specialized professional firms like conventional advertising campaigns.

Thus, the Internet is apt to reduce the functional advantages associated with higher organizational size and professional skills. In the case of labor unions for example, it is interesting to note that in the initial phases, online technologies were mainly applied by the union levels with rather low organizational resources: by smaller local and regional union chapters on the one hand and by the thinly-staffed international unions of the other.

The - far more potent and powerful - national unions have followed only after This may be explained by the fact that national organizations felt less need for new communication channels because they were in control of highly sophisticated and widely established conventional print media - while infra- as well as supranational levels saw online media as a tool for compensating their deficiencies in these respects. The growing "communicative marginality" of associational leaders In a second way, online communication challenges principles of bureaucratic organization because it doesn't lend itself easily to centralized formal control.

Conventional associational leaders and headquarters are accustomed to exercise tight control over the multilateral communication among members.

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